Category: 计算机与Internet

如何在Macbook（Intel）上安装Ubuntu 7.04双启动

关键问题有两个：第一，Macbook的EFI不支持启动第三方系统；第二，即使有bootcamp，Ubuntu所使用的GRUB在非MBR方式引导时工作不正常。所以我们需要两样东西来解决这两个问题：
1.rEFIt：第三方的EFI固件，可启动指定分区上的Linux系统；
2.LILO：可以不需要MBR启动LINUX。

具体步骤：
1.下载刻录Ubuntu 7.04 for i386安装CD；

2.去http://refit.sourceforge.net/下载最新版rEFIt，目前是0.10（2007-06-14）；

3.使用应用程序->实用工具->Bootcamp助理创建分区，一般大小在5GB以上即可，具体方法不再赘述；

4.安装rEFIt，安装完毕后，在bash中执行：
% cd /efi/refit
% ./enable.sh
设定使用rEFIt引导系统；

5.将Macbook以太网连接至互联网，且在安装中必须始终连接，要求能够访问Ubuntu镜像。不能用无线网卡，因为安装过程中没有相应的Linux驱动。这样做是为了安装程序能正确自动探测并将源地址写入apt的sources.list中，这样后面我们就可以从Live CD的bash登录到硬盘上安装好的Ubuntu中安装LILO了；

6.插入Ubuntu光盘，重启后从光盘引导，执行安装程序。将刚才Bootcamp建立的FAT32分区删除，建立ext3（挂载到/）和swp分区。不要挂载其他分区；

7.完成安装后不要重启！在终端中执行：
$ sudo mkdir /mnt/ubuntu
$ sudo mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/ubuntu
$ sudo mount -t proc none /mnt/ubuntu/proc
$ sudo mount -o bind /dev /mnt/ubuntu/dev
$ sudo chroot /mnt/ubuntu /bin/bash

登录到已安装的系统，继续输入以下命令安装LILO；
$ sudo apt-get install lilo lilo-doc

8.安装完毕后，需要对LILO进行配置。用vim或nano建立/etc/lilo.conf文件，内容如下：
boot=/dev/sda
default=Ubuntu
map=/boot/map
delay=20
image=/vmlinuz initrd=/initrd.img
append="quiet splash"
root=/dev/sda3
label=Ubuntu
read-only
保存后，打开一个新的终端，执行：
$ sudo parted

parted支持GUID分区表。在parted命令行下，执行：
(parted) print
(parted) set 3
注：此处的“3”是Ubuntu安装分区的编号，执行print后会显示
Flag to change? boot/hidden/raid/lvm/hp-service/msftres? boot
New state? on/[off]? on
(parted) quit

回到第一个刚才编辑lilo.conf的终端窗口，执行：
$ sudo lilo

此时会有警告信息，不管。重启，在rEFIt中选择从硬盘启动Linux即可。
另：无限网卡驱动程序请自行安装。

Panel Rejects Microsoft’s Open Format

http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/05/technology/05soft.html

A panel of software experts yesterday unexpectedly rebuffed Microsoft’s
bid to have its open document format, Office Open XML, recognized as an
international standard. The decision complicates the company’s effort
to extend its dominance to the emerging field of open documents.

After
five months of electronic balloting, Microsoft failed to meet the two
voting criteria to win a designation as an approved standard from the
Geneva-based International Organization for Standardization, or the
I.S.O., and the International Electrotechnical Commission, or I.E.C.

The
fight over the standard, while technically arcane, is commercially
important because more governments are demanding interchangeable open
document formats for their vast amounts of records, instead of
proprietary formats tied to one company’s software. The only
standardized format now available to government buyers is OpenDocument
Format, developed by a consortium led by I.B.M., which the I.S.O. approved in May 2006.

The
timing of the decision may be inopportune for Microsoft, coming two
weeks before the European Court of First Instance is to rule on its
appeal of the European Commission’s 2004 antitrust decision against the company.

Of
the 87 countries that participated, 26 percent opposed Microsoft’s bid.
Under the rules for approval, no more than 25 percent of the countries
could oppose the bid. Microsoft also failed to win the vote of 66
percent of 41 countries on another panel of I.S.O. and I.E.C. members.

The
tug of war up to the vote was reminiscent of the company’s squabbles
with rivals. The critics of the company say that Microsoft’s dominance
of personal computer software gives it an unfair advantage, while the
company maintains that its innovations and technical expertise make for
superior products.

More than 90 percent of all digital text
documents in the world are in Microsoft formats, according to the
consulting firm Gartner. Many national and local governments in Europe
and some in the United States are requiring open formats to reduce
their reliance on Microsoft. In an open format, the computer code is
public, which allows developers to create new products that use it
without paying royalties.

Tom Robertson, Microsoft’s general
manager for interoperability and standards, predicted that Microsoft’s
format would be eventually adopted.

“Open XML is already widely available and is being used by Apple and Novell,” he said. “It is in the Palm operating system, and in the Java and Linux operating environments.”

Some critics of Microsoft blamed the company’s own aggressive lobbying for its defeat.

A
member of an advisory panel that voted on the standards issue in
Malaysia, who declined to be identified, said Microsoft’s lobbying in
the country had reached into high levels of government.

The
Industry Standards Committee on Information Technology of Malaysia
decided to vote against Microsoft’s format, but the Malaysian
government abstained in the end.

Mr. Robertson said Microsoft had
sought to persuade voters of the merits of Office Open XML, just as
I.B.M. had lobbied against it. “Many countries have taken part in this
vote, including countries that supported us,” he said.